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孟子的“故天将降大任于是(斯)人也”,究竟是“是”人,还是“斯”人?至今尚未得出令人信服的定论。
据比较权威的说法:“其实 ‘是’和 ‘斯’的用法、意义一样”。
“是”出现在西周中期,《说文解字》对“是”的解释 “会意。小篆字形,从日正。本意:正,不偏斜”。引申为确定。
“斯”出现在春秋晚期,《说文解字》对“斯”的解释 “斯 ,析也。从斤”,斯字的本义为劈,砍;引申为“此”,如斯人。
一、“是人”,指的是人人,任何人。
①宋代周邦彦的《三部乐·商调梅雪》:回文近传锦字,道为君瘦损,是人都说。
②苏轼 《南歌子·感旧》:明月好风闲处、是人猜。
③杨无咎 《眼儿媚》:是人总道新来瘦,也著甚来由。
④段克己 《最高楼 卫生行之,少流寓兵革中。既长,始》:金犹幢,是人所慕。顾吾道是邪非。
二、“斯人”指的是此人,这个人。
①《论语·微子篇》:鸟兽不可与同群,吾非斯人之徒与而谁与?
②阮籍《咏怀八十二首》:须臾相背弃,何时见斯人。
③杜甫《梦李白二首》:冠盖满京华,斯人独憔悴。
④白居易《琵琶行 》:予出官二年,恬然自安,感斯人言,是夕始觉有迁谪意。
三、“是”与“斯”不能互换。
①唐朝刘禹锡的《陋室铭》:斯是陋室,惟吾德馨。
②宋代释如净的《偈颂十六首》:
一花开五家宗要,一味缀九室诀机。朝朝暮暮只斯是,何用琼林觅玉枝。
③宋代释慧晖的《偈颂四十一首》:余月今朝初一日,满山绿树影青青。异苗繁茂只斯是,大地全分画不成。
我认为,“斯”与“是”, “是人”和 “斯人”的用法、意义大不一样,不能随意变换。
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