术数与八卦易的关系


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术数”一词有两个既有联系而又略有区别的意思。

第一,“术数”指一类活动,1979年版巜辞海》释作:“‘术’指方术,‘数’是气数。即以种种方术观察自然界可注意的现象,来推测人和国家的气数和命运。……后世称术数者,一般专指各种迷信,如星占、卜筮、六壬、奇门遁甲、命相、拆字、起课、堪舆、占候等。”应当指出,1999年版巜辞海》的释文在文字上稍有变动,特别是在列举各种迷信时删去了“占候”。

第二,“术数”是我国一类古籍书的“类”名。按照巜四库全书》分类法,我国古籍可分为“经、史、子、集”四“部”,每部之下又分若干“类”,每类之下再分若干“属”;“术数”是“子部”之下一类书的“类”名。“术数类”之下包括七“属”,其属名与其所收书的范围如下:数学之属、占候之属、相宅相墓之属、占卜之属、命书相书之属、阴阳五行之属、杂技术之属。

由以上可看出,术数的支派旁门十分庞杂,但翻开这些书无一不直接地说明或在叙述中体现出自己的理论基础是八卦和易经,这倒确实不是拉大旗作虎皮,《四库全书总目提要》曾指出:“术数之兴,多在秦汉以后,要其旨,不出乎阴阳五行生克制化,实皆易之支派,傅以杂说尔。”

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