第四节,印度《奥义书》中的德字词汇


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作为文明古国之一的印度,无论美学思想还是道德思想,问世时间都晚于中国、巴比伦、埃及。《梨俱吠陀》是印度最早的文字著述,编成于公元前十五世纪前后。比上述中国和巴比伦的美、德思想古根晚了一千五年年。《奧义书》产生的年代,约在公元前八世纪左右,相当于《周易》问世、流行时期,跟古希腊荷马史诗问世时间一致。因此,对于宏观伦理学追根求源的探究有重要意义。

以《奥义书》命名的作品数量不下两百种,其中最早的即本节论及的篇目是《大森林奥义书》、《歌者奥义书》、《泰帝利耶奥义书》、《爱多雷耶奥义书》和《?尸多基奥义书》。笔者从中发现的德字词汇的六十例左右,数量不算少,但它们所表现的思想相当贫乏。首先,虽有四例"功德″出现①,但它们并非集合名词"德″的意义,可用以包括一切道德规范,而是某种具体道德规范的名称,专指当事人的品德和实际行为的功利性。这种用法极大地影响了佛经,佛经中的"功德″二字充斥。因之,对道德的综合性思考,可谓缺席或空白。

其余道德词汇,都是各种具体道德规范或行为。"崇拜″二字反复出现,有二三十例,还有"崇敬″的说法。这是宗教色彩浓厚的行为方式,或就是宗教道德。此外,在"普善神″的名称中,”善″的德行往往称之为"善行″、"善业″,相反的称之为"恶行″、"恶业″②。可见善恶的普遍性。跟一中国道德用语完全相同的有"仁慈″③,可分析为"仁″和?慈″两种概念。

这些词汇都在叙事或议理中一带而过,未能用以表达更多的思考,都属于道德评价范围,充其量有道德思想原素。尤其是对照印度当时学问众多而唯独没有道德学问的情况,我们认定道德思想不发达是有依据的。《歌者奥义书》指出,吠陀时代,印度的学问有"祭祖学、数学、征兆学、年代学、辩论学、政治学、神学、梵学、魔学、军事学、天文学、蛇学和艺术学″④。这种不厌其详的列举方式竟重复达四次之多。如此重视学问的印度居然没有道德学,足见其道德思想不发达,至少是不重视这门学问。

笔者依日后的《奥义书》提供的材料,觉得印度之所以存在上述学问缺门现象,同印度人的负面道德行为泛滥有关。《弥勒奧义书》曾罗列有下列称之为"暗性″的负面道德行为:"痴迷,恐惧,沮丧,昏睡,懒散,懈怠,忧愁,愤怒,无信仰,无知,妒忌,残酷,愚昧,无耻,亵慢,卤莽,不平等″⑤。所有这些若写成了书,该多煞风景。故避而不谈为妙。

综上所述,印度三千五百年前的道德状况以及道德思想,处于几大文明古国的劣势地位,应是不争的事实。

注释

①《奥义书》,第31、36、182、227页,商务印书馆,2012年12月版。

②同上,第58、80页。

③同上,第96页。

④同上,第200、201、204页。

⑤同上,第363页。

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