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四支
菹对醢,赋对诗。点漆对描脂。璠簪对珠履,剑客对琴师。沽酒价,买山资。国色对仙姿。晚霞明似锦,春雨细如丝。柳绊长堤千万树,花横野寺两三枝。紫盖黄旗,天象预占江左地;青袍白马,童谣终应寿阳儿。
菹 [zū]:腌菜、酸菜的意思。有的也写做“葅”,同音同义。也有剁碎的肉酱的意思。
醢 [hǎi]:肉酱、鱼酱的意思。与菹也同为古代一种形罚。
点漆:乌黑光亮的样子(眼睛),象点上了漆。
描脂:润白嫩滑的皮肤,象涂抹上了胭脂。
璠[fán]簪[zān]:美玉做的头簪。璠是美玉。
珠履:宝珠装饰的鞋子。后来比喻有谋略的门客。
剑客:精于剑术的人。
琴师:精于弹琴的人。
沽酒价:典故出自“阮宣子常步行,以百钱挂杖头,至酒店,便独酣畅,虽当世贵盛,不肯诣也。”阮宣子即是阮修,出处《世说新语·任诞》。《晋书·阮修传》中也有记载。
有译者认为是说阮咸,竹林七贤之一。阮咸是阮修的晚辈,也爱喝酒,但把“杖头挂百钱”放在阮咸的身上是错的。
买山资:典故出自《世说新语·排调》:“支道林因人就深公买印山。深公答曰:‘未闻巢由买山而隐。’”意思是支道林通过他人从深公那里买印山隐居,深公回答说,没从听说‘隐居士’是买了山才隐居的。巢指的是尧时真正的隐居士,代指隐居的人。买山“资”是买山的钱。也有版本写做买山”赀“,同音同义。
国色:指绝顶出众的美貌、冠绝一国的女子。
仙姿:形容清雅秀逸的姿容,指非凡的姿貌。
柳绊长堤千万树,花横野寺两三枝:“绊”是挡住或缠住的意思。“横”héng,有纵横杂乱,也有挡和缠的意思。
柳树对花枝绊对横,长堤对野寺,千万和三两,都是数量的形容词,树和枝是量词相对应。
有人把“绊”写做“畔”是不对的,畔是田地湖河海江的边界,和横不对仗。
紫盖黄旗,天象预占江左地:“紫盖”是指紫色车盖。帝王仪仗之一。“黄旗”是指黄色的旗帜,古代军中用旗,指天子的仪仗之一。“紫盖黄旗”说的是祥瑞之兆的云气,“江左地”指长江下游以东地区,也可说是江东、江南。“预”,预先;“占”,占卜。这句的意思是“紫盖黄旗,天象预先占卜出江左本是帝王出现之地。”
典故出自《三国志·孙权传》,东吴黄武四年,以尚书令陈化为郎中令使魏,魏文帝因酒酣,嘲问曰:“吴魏峙立,谁将平一海内者乎?”化对曰:“《易》称帝出乎震,加闻先哲知命,旧说紫盖黄旗,运在东南。”
意思是说:东吴黄武四年,以尚书令陈化为郎中令出使魏国,魏文帝因酒喝多了,问陈化:“吴魏两国对峙,谁能平定国内局势呢?”陈化说::“《易》书里说了,帝王将会出自东方,加上听过有智慧的先人曾说,紫盖黄旗,运在东南(东南方的吴国)。”
“先哲”是指已故的前代思想家,有智慧的先人。
“青袍白马”,青色的褂袍,白色的马匹;“童谣”,小孩唱的歌谣;“终”,最终;“应”,应验、契合;“寿阳儿”,地名寿阳。这句的意思是“青袍白马,童谣终究应验在寿阳侯景就是叛乱之人。”
唐代李延寿《南史·侯景传》记载,南朝梁武帝时,民间流传着一个童谣:“青丝白马寿阳来。”后来,侯景果然在寿阳叛变,让将士都穿青袍,自己骑白马,正应验了童谣里唱的青袍白马“。这场叛乱史称“侯景之乱”。
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