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《朱子近思录》卷之九中,有这么一段话:
卜其宅兆,卜其地之美恶也。地美则神灵安,其子孙盛。然则曷谓地之美者?土色之光润,草木之茂盛,乃其验也。而拘忌者,惑以择地之方位,决日之吉凶,甚者不以奉先为计,而专以利后为虑,尤非孝子安措之用心也。惟五患者,不得不慎:须使异日不为道路,不为城郭,不为沟池,不为贵势所夺,不为耕犁所及。
上面这段话的意思是:若要占卜家宅的吉凶福祸,则看所处之地的美恶即可。所处的土地美,神灵就安宁,子孙就会旺盛。如何校验什么样的土地是美的呢?主要是这么两点:其色是否光润,草木是否茂盛。若是二者俱有,则谓美地。但是,有些人却不是如此,往往从方位的角度做选择,确定吉凶祸福。甚至有的人不是以事奉先人为目的,而是以利益自己和后代为考虑,这绝对不是孝顺的人能够做出来的。在占卜宅地美恶这件事,有五个方面需要慎重:所选之地,必须在日后不会被征为修路,不会被城市扩建,不会成为水利工程,不会被贵势力看中,不会临近耕地。
这段文字里展现了多个方面的要点。
首先,是关于孝道。这段文字的本意是出自二程的《葬说》,是对宋朝时代的人们,过度追求风水而抨击。文字里的“宅”,不是我们生人所居住的房屋,而是专指先人的葬墓。因此,文中就出现了“甚者不以奉先为计,而专以利后为虑”的话。
其次,是对风水的基本定义。所谓的“地美”,从两个方面考虑:土地的色泽,草木的茂盛。达到这两个条件,就是美。其实,这是最基本的要求。远古时代的先人们,往往将居住地选择在水源附近。水源丰富的地方,草木定然茂盛,土地也会有光泽的。如果一个不毛之地,连草木都难以成长,人类又如何能够生存?
第三,关于文字后段的“五患”,主要指向一个“安”字。我们一直说,入土为安。为什么要讲一个“安”呢?心安,先人故去后则不会留恋人间,可以安心地走。走后也不会惊扰生者。二者,则是安葬之后,尽量不要迁移。每迁移一次,便惊动一次,神灵会因此而不安。因此考虑,所以要慎“五患”。因为这五个方面,必然会导致墓地的迁移。
不仅先人的墓地如此,我们生者的家,同样也是如此。我们说要安居乐业,安稳的生活,首先要居有定所。如果没有安稳的家,到处漂泊,居无定所,安从何来?
最后,说一下生活家居的体会。居家生活,一定要让家里保持生机旺盛。可以养育一些花草,养几条鱼,生机就出来了。如果有院子,尽量不要为了空间,搭建一些建筑,或者是将地面全部硬化成活动空间,而是要保留足够的空间,增添一些绿植,就会生机无限。
——学习传统文化,增长人生智慧。欢迎关注知本学社。我是宗财。
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