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接着我们的《说文解字》课程,本课讲“攴”部的一个汉字“敏”。“敏”是现代汉语常用的汉字, 收录在1988年国家语委颁布的《现代汉语常用字表》中。其详情如下:
敏。读mǐn。《说文解字》给出的解释是:“敏,疾也。从攴,每声。”许慎认为是形声字,本义是迅速;灵活。但如果分析敏的早期文字字形,会发现“敏”其实也是会意字,看字形演变:
“敏”字的甲骨文字形从又(或攴)从每,每亦声。“又(或攴)”表示手(或者手持器具)之象,“每”表示女子或母亲之义。合起来,会母亲或女师以手或手持器具(教鞭)施教启智之意。这其实就是最原始的教育,原始教育的目的很朴素,就是让孩子(人)迅速(跑得更快)、灵活(能躲避野兽或敌人)起来,后来,“敏”又引申为聪慧,就是使人聪明、灵慧起来。
小篆整齐化,隶变成“敏”(可见“每”字的解说,“每”有敏捷义,有母亲义,第36课)。
所谓的“疾也”就是就是快速;灵活。比如敏捷;灵敏。《诗·小雅·甫田》:“曾孙不怒,农夫克敏。”毛传:“敏,疾也。”周王喜在心头不发天子之怒,农夫们感恩戴德勤于农事。这里的敏,指农夫们干活又好又快,勤勉的样子。《论语·里仁》:“君子欲讷于言而敏于行。”何晏注引包咸曰:“讷,迟钝也,言欲迟而行欲疾。”君子言语要谨慎迟钝,工作要勤劳敏捷。
本义之外,“敏”还有其他用法:
(1)聪慧。如:聪敏;敏慧。《广韵·轸韵》:“敏,聪也;达也。”《论语·颜渊》“回虽不敏,请事斯语矣。”我虽然不够聪慧,也要实行您这话(即孔子所说的“非礼勿视,非礼勿听,非礼勿言,非礼勿动”)。
(2)勤勉。《论语·述而》:“我非生而知之者,好古敏以求之者也。”刘宝楠《论语正义》:“敏,勉也。言黾(mǐn,努力)勉以求之也。”我不是生来就有知识的人,而是爱好古代文化,勤勉追求得来的人。
(3)审慎。《左传·僖公三十三年》:“礼成而加之以敏。”杜预注:“敏,审当于事。”礼节周到,态度审慎。又庄敬。《玉篇·攴部》:“敏,敬也,庄也。”
(4)才能。《国语·齐语》:“尽其四支之敏,以从事于田野。”韦昭注:“敏,犹材也。”使出全部的才能(气力),在田地里干活。
(5)中国古代五音之一“商”的别名。《尔雅·释乐》:“宫谓之重,商谓之敏。角谓之经,徵谓之迭,羽谓之柳。”郭璞注:“皆五音之别名。”
(6)通“拇”。足大指名。《尔雅·释训》:“敏,拇也。”《类篇·攴部》:“敏,足大指名。”朱骏声《说文通训定声·颐部》:“敏,假借为拇。”《诗·大雅·生民》:“履帝武敏歆。”郑玄笺:“敏,拇也。”踩着天帝的拇趾印(因此生了周的先祖后稷)。
此外,“敏”还是姓氏,《万姓统谱·轸韵》:“敏,见《姓苑》。”
“敏”的小篆写法如图:
(【说文解字】之590,部分图片源自网络,版权归原版权方所有)
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