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习近平总书记曾指出:“在家尽孝、为国尽忠是中华民族的优良传统。”党的十九大报告强调,“深入实施公民道德建设工程,推进社会公德、职业道德、家庭美德、个人品德建设,激励人们向上向善、孝老爱亲,忠于祖国、忠于人民”。小孝孝于家,大孝忠于国。孝为从政之本,孝与从政道德本来就是连成一体、不可分割的。领导干部要模范践行孝文化,做孝的践行者和引领者。
“百善孝为先。”自古以来,在中华文化中,孝就扮演了极其重要的角色。孝、悌、忠、信、礼、义、廉、耻,“八德”之中,“孝”排在首位。“孝”就其字形而言,上面是一个略写的“老”,下面是“子”,像是小子侍奉老人的样子。正如《说文解字》所言“善事父母者”,孝的本义就是孝顺。讲求孝道是中华文化的重要特色。在中华上下五千年的历史长河中,卧冰求鲤、怀橘遗亲、扇枕温衾、恣蚊饱血等关于“孝”的故事,流传千古,至今仍有一定的教育意义。
“孝,德之始也。”孝是德行的根本,是塑造道德人格的起点,是德育教化产生的根源。国之本在家,家之本在身,身之本在孝。孝敬父母、敬养双亲,自古以来就是天经地义的法则。孔子说:“夫孝,德之本也,教之所由生也。”孟子说:“孝子之至,莫大乎尊亲。”《劝孝良言》说:“读尽天下书,无非一个孝字。”《孝经》言:“身体发肤,受之父母,不敢毁伤,孝之始也;立身行道,扬名于后世,以显父母,孝之终也。”《尚书》有“克谐以孝”“同孝厥养父母”的记载。无一不在强调孝的重要性。
在中国,孝亲不仅是能赡养父母,而且是能立德、立功、立言。孔子在《论语》中三讲孝道:其一“是谓能养”,其二“和颜悦色”,其三“继志述事”。这三讲阐释了从物质赡养到精神敬养,再到道义传承的三重境界。曾子也说:“孝有三:大孝尊亲,其次弗辱,其下能养。”意思是说,孝有三点,大孝是尊重父母,其次是不使自己的言行给父母带来耻辱,再次是能养活父母。作为一名领导干部,不管权力有多大,职位有多高,都应该明白这样一个道理:打牢修身做人的底线,夯实为官从政的基础,让父母安心、宽心,为子女感到自豪和骄傲,这是最大的孝敬;反之,违法乱纪,锒铛入狱,沦为阶下囚,让父母心痛、担忧、焦虑,这是最大的不孝。
“君子务本,本立而道生。孝弟也者,其为仁之本与。”孝悌是为人的根本,根本建立好了,其他德行就可由此生发。毛泽东曾说:“要孝敬父母,连父母都不肯孝敬的人,还能为别人服务吗?当然不会。”在毛泽东看来,行孝是为人民服务的前提,只有孝敬父母的人才有可能成为爱人之人,其根本落脚点则放在了人民身上。领导干部不仅要敬养自己的父母,还要尽可能做到尊老爱幼,孝敬天下父母,做到“老吾老以及人之老”。只有做到孝从心出,才能将对亲人的爱推广至对周边所有人的尊重与仁爱,才能真正恪守从政道德,做到全心全意为人民服务。爱国效国、精忠报国就是心系国家、心系人民,是最大的“孝道”,是大孝、大德、大爱。
【王杰 作者系中央党校(国家行政学院)教授,中国实学研究会会长,本文刊登于《中国纪检监察报》2022年7月21日理论周刊第8版】
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