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话“闲”
文/齐成彪
闲,就是没事做,不忙。闲了好不好呢?不同的人当然有不同的理解。归纳起来,大约三种:好,不好,说不清好不好。
一
说“闲”好的人有两种。
一种是喜欢闲适型。
“户庭无尘杂,虚室有余闲。”陶渊明厌倦了官场,告别形役,回归田园,吟诗作文,饮酒种花……过得不怎么样,但他觉得挺好。我们也觉得好,否则哪有这动人的诗句?
“人闲桂花落,夜静春山空。”多么清静,多么安宁!王维奉佛,就喜好这样的闲静,静得一尘不染,静得天下太平。否则怎会有他内心的空灵?
另一种是忙中求闲型。
“因过竹院逢僧话,偷得浮生半日闲。”长年被调来贬去,李涉的人生被安排得浮浮沉沉,不得安闲。忙里偷闲,上山转转,山僧数语,开悟解乏……他觉得还是闲点儿好。然而闲了半日,又不得不去忙碌,不忙家人吃什么?
这两种人有些相通之处:前者甘于“闲”,后者不甘于“忙”,区别只是有奈无奈,反正就是“闲”好。
二
说“闲”不好的人也有两种。
一种是耻于闲事型。
“莫等闲,白了少年头,空悲切。”人要多多努力,不能总是闲着等老。岳飞告诫人们:不要一天天虚度光阴,做事要紧。他是领军将领,正业是带兵打仗,“闲”就是不务正业嘛。嗯,有道理。
另一种是闲来无聊型。
“一种相思,两处闲愁。”少妇李清照独守空房,闲得好无聊,愁从枕边生。要是能守着丈夫,双双对对,恩恩爱爱,多好!
“有约不来过夜半,闲敲棋子落灯花。”赵师秀约人下棋,那人迟迟不到。左等右等,甚是无聊,大半夜的,还不如早早睡觉。下次不约他了,省得让我闲等!
这两种人很不同:前者不屑于“闲”,后者不想“闲”;前者怀进取之心,后者怀休闲之心,总之就是“闲”不好。
三
说不清“闲”的人又是怎样的呢?
“矮纸斜行闲作草,晴窗细乳戏分茶。”陆游想去抗金,南宋朝廷偏不用他。他只好长期赋闲在家,闲来经常写写字,喝喝茶,看似闲适。可他不是爱“闲”的陶渊明,“闲”中透露出的是郁愤与无奈。看来,他是讨厌“闲”的。然而他又说“从今若许闲乘月,拄杖无时夜叩门”。山西村的美景和民风让他留恋,他说“闲了还来”。那“闲”了也挺好嘛,旅旅游,赏赏景,与民同乐……陆游做到了矛盾统一:他挺不容易的!
“人间有味是清欢。”清欢,清雅闲适之欢,多么惬意的词汇!苏轼被一脚踢到黄州,四年后终于迎来转机,平调到汝州。他想在汝州买田养老,觉得活在人世间,清闲一点,有滋有味,洒脱欢愉。可他才四十多岁,他甘心吗?这个“清闲”含有他看淡世事的生活态度吧。苏轼具有中国古代士大夫最理想的人格,忙了好好干,闲了认真玩,拿得起,放得下,可爱至极:他真了不起!
说不清“闲好”“闲坏”的人,往往要在二者之间寻求到一种平衡,他们一定是有故事的人。
“众鸟高飞尽,孤云独去闲;相看两不厌,只有敬亭山。”李白真是有情怀,独自一人看山,还如此悠闲,他也是有故事的人啊!
四
“春有百花秋有月,夏有凉风冬有雪;若无闲事挂心头,便是人间好时节。”慧开禅师点化世人:莫于闲事挂牵,身边自有美景,心无挂碍,方不辜负美好时节。虽说人各有志,不便强求,但不“惹尘埃”,总好过人事消磨吧。
笔者浅薄,不敢与大师相提并论,然对于“闲”也有个人理解。笔者忙了像李涉,想忙里偷闲;闲了像赵师秀,想因寄所托。七分劳作,三分闲逸,劳逸结合,最是快哉!用人生讲故事太累,闲来无事,读书写字,甚善!
作者简介:
齐成彪,张家口市人,高中语文教师。安静,热心,文质彬彬。爱读书,勤于思考;爱写作,体悟人生;爱书法,自得其乐。
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